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今日推薦開源項目：《這些 demo 看著讓人頭暈 Pts》傳送門：GitHub鏈接

推薦理由：一個用於可視化和創造性代碼的 JS 庫……說真的，如果想要在這上面尋找創意的話可算是來對地方了，官網上放著的各種 demo 真的是秀到頭皮發麻，看久了甚至還會頭暈。如果你想試試看這些可能見都沒見過的 demo ，完全可以來這裡看看，即使不用，全程觀光也是非常值得的。

今日推薦英文原文：《Minesweeper in TypeScript and React》作者：Tomche Delev

原文鏈接：https://medium.com/@tdelev/minesweeper-in-typescript-and-react-f5f8a5d57383

推薦理由：用 TypeScript 和 React 製作自己的掃雷，自己玩自己的掃雷還是很有意思的

Minesweeper in TypeScript and React

One of the games that I occasionally play to relax is Minesweeper.

I have extensive experience with JavaScript front-end technologies starting from jQuery and nowadays Angular. Being open to new technologies I have tried React in few hello world projects. Implementing Minesweeper in TypeScript and React seemed like an interesting challenge and opportunity to learn more.

In this post I will try to explain how I did it and maybe encourage or learn you how to implement your clone of this or maybe some other game.

If you』re just interested in seeing the final solution visit or clone the GitHub repository or if you just want to play it click here.

Before we start

You will need to have installed (or install) on your machine:

NodeJS and npm
Yarn (optional)
Create React App

Creating React Application

We will bootstrap the React project with using the option --script-version=react-script-ts that would instruct create-react-app to use Create React App (with TypeScript) configuration.

In my previous experience with Angular I find TypeScript a real joy to work. And having daily experience with statically typed languages (Java, Kotlin) I was not interested in using pure ES6. On the other side, learning and investing time in Flow was not worth it having a previous (great) experience with TypeScript. Read this great article to find out more about using TypeScript + React.

npx create-react-app --scripts-version=react-scripts-ts minesweeper

To start the application just execute:

cd minesweeper
npm start
# or yarn start

Structuring the React app

One of the important steps in implementing any React application is how to brake down the UI in components and how to compose them. On the following image is the structure of the React components that we will need to implement for Minesweeper.

React components structure

The final design was to brake down the game in three separate components:

MineSquare - will host a single square that is a possible mine, number indicating of neighbour bombs or just empty square if no bombs around
MineField - will host the game container as a grid (rows x columns) of mines
Timer - will be an external component that will show the elapsed time since the game started.

Next create a directory components in your src directory and create a separate file for each of the listed components.

This is how an empty component should look like:

import * as React from "react";

export const MineField = (props: PropType) => (
    <div className="game-board">
        {'MineField'}
    </div>
);

In React you can create components as class that extends the React.Componentclass or as functions (possibly arrow) for functional (stateless) components.

Minesweeper game domain

The game domain are the classes and data structures used to represent the state of the game.

export interface Point {
    x: number;
    y: number;
}

/**
 * bombs = -1 - it is a bomb
 * bombs >= 0 - count of bombs around
 */
export class Mine {
    constructor(public position: Point,
                public isOpened = false,
                public bombs = 0,
                public isFlagged = false,
    ) {
    }
}

export class Game {
    constructor(public state: Array<Array<Mine>>,
                public totalBombs = 0,
                public exploded = false
    ) {
    }
}

The game Minesweeper is represented as two-dimensional array (matrix) of mines Array<Array<Mine>> or Mine[][]. Each Mine has:

position (x,y coordinates) in the matrix of mines
isOpened a boolean field which is true when a mine field is opened
bombs a number which encodes if there is a bomb (-1) or positive number representing the count of bombs around that mine.
isFlagged which represents if the mine is marked (flagged) by the user as potential bomb.

It was really hard to get the naming right for the game domain, having to deal with mines/bombs, mine field as single field with mine or field of mines :).

The Game class represents the state of the Minesweeper game which is the two dimensional array of mines. Also it contains auxiliary fields for the count of total bombs and state if there is exploded bomb (game is finished).

MineSquare component

The MineSquare is a functional (stateless) component. That means that it should render the property field: Mine and just propagate an event when interaction happens. It can not keep or mutate any state.

export const MineSquare = (props: MineProps) => {
    const field = props.field;
    return (
        <button className={'mine-button' + (field.isOpened ? '' : ' mine-opened')}
                tabIndex={props.index}
                onClick={() => props.onLeftClick(field)}>
            {renderField(field)}
        </button>
    );
};

function renderField(field: Mine) {
    if (field.isOpened) {
        if (field.bombs > 0) {
            return (<span className={`bombs-${field.bombs}`}>{field.bombs}</span>);
        } else if (field.bombs == 0) {
            return ''
        } else {
            return (<i className='fas fa-xs fa-bomb bomb'/>);
        }
    } else {
        if (field.isFlagged) {
            return (<i className='fas fa-xs fa-flag'/>);
        } else {
            return '';
        }
    }
}

export interface MineProps {
    index: number;
    field: Mine;
    onLeftClick: (field: Mine) => void;
}

The Mine will be rendered as HTML button element since the click is the natural interaction for this HTML element. Depending on the state of the field: Mine we will render the different content inside the button element. The function renderField(field: Mine) does exactly that. So when the field is opened (user explored that field) it can be:

bombs == -1 so we render a bomb (using FontAwesome bomb icon for this)
bombs == 0 the field is just empty
bombs > 0 we render the number of bombs in that field.

When the field is opened and flagged we render a flag icon.

The component propagates the mouse onClick event to indicate user interaction with this field.

In minesweeper there are two types of interaction user can have with a field, to explore it or to flag it as potential mine. Maybe better choice is to represent these with different events such as mouse left and right click. But because of a buggy behaviour of the right click, my final choice was to encode these two different events with only left click and a pressed state of a certain keyboard key (ctrl in my case).

MineField component

The MineField component is also functional and is responsible of rendering the full state of the game (the two-dimensional array of mines). Each field is rendered as a separate MineSquare component. It will also propagate the click event from each MineSquare component.

export const MineField = (props: MineFieldProps) => (
    <div className="game-board">
        {
            props.game.state.map((row, i) => (
                    <div key={i} className="board-row">
                        {
                            row.map((field, j) => (
                                    <MineSquare key={`${i}-${j}`}
                                                index={j + row.length}
                                                field={field}
                                                onLeftClick={(field) => props.onLeftClick(field)}/>
                                )
                            )
                        }
                    </div>
                )
            )
        }
    </div>
);
export interface MineFieldProps {
    game: Game;
    onLeftClick: (field: Mine) => void;
}

This component is very simple, it should just render the two-dimensional array of mines as grid. Each row is grouped in a separate HTML container divelement and with CSS it is all aligned. To uniquely identify each row we can use the row index i as a React key property, and for each MineSquare component the key would be the combination of indices i and j (the current row and column).

Timer component

The Timer is another stateless component responsible for rendering the elapsed seconds since the game started. To render the seconds in appropriate format 00:00 it uses a custom function secondsToString from our utility module named time.

export const Timer = (props: TimerProps) => (
    <h3>{time.secondsToString(props.elapsedSeconds)}</h3>
);

export interface TimerProps {
    elapsedSeconds: number;
}

Here is the implementation of the secondsToString function.

function leadZero(num: number) {
    return num < 10 ? `0${num}` : `${num}`;
}

export const time = {
    secondsToString: function (seconds: number) {
        const min = Math.floor(seconds / 60);
        const sec = seconds % 60;
        return `${leadZero(min)}:${leadZero(sec)}`;
    }
};

One of the known drawbacks of TypeScript and JavaScript language in general is the lack of powerful standard library. But instead of relying on myriad of external modules for simple functions such as leadZero or secondsToString I think it』s better to just implement them.

Game state

So far we have implemented the simple (stateless) components of the game. To make the game alive we need to implement initialization of new game state (new game action) and all possible modifications.

Simplified game loop

Most of the simple games are following some kind of game loop as shown in the image above. The users through the UI are having interactions with the game and are generating actions. Sometimes actions are generated automatically as the time passing, but in Minesweeper that is not the case. On each action, the state of the game is modified and then rendered back on the UI.

In the case of Minesweeper, the user can make three possible actions on not opened field (mine square):

mark it as potential bomb
open it

and if the field is already opened the user can explore neighbours.

Generating new game state

Generating new game state means initializing the two-dimensional array of Mine objects. Some of these mines need to be bombs and we make this decision by using pseudo-random number generator to implement sort of uniform distribution of a mine being a bomb. The BOMBS_PROBABILITY (by default 0.15 or 15%) is the probability of a mine having a bomb. While we create mines we generate a pseudo-random number using Math.random() which has generates a double with uniform distribution in the range of 0-0.99.

After we have initialized the game state with Array<Array<Mine>> we need to update the bombs count of all mines that are neighbouring a bomb. The function fillBombsCount does just that, by traversing all the neighbours of a mine and incrementing the bombs count for each neighbour that is a bomb.

The traverseNeighbours is the utility function that iterates all eight (top left, top, top right, left, right, bottom left, bottom, bottom right) of the neighbours of a given mine.

const BOMBS_PROBABILITY = 0.15;

const dx = [-1, 0, 1, -1, 1, -1, 0, 1];
const dy = [-1, -1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1];

function newGame(rows: number, columns: number): Game {
    let totalMines = 0;
    let estimatedMines = Math.floor(rows * columns * BOMBS_PROBABILITY);
    const state = Array(rows).fill(null).map((r, i: number) => {
        return Array(columns).fill(null).map((c, j: number) => {
            const isMine = Math.random() < BOMBS_PROBABILITY;
            if (isMine) {
                totalMines += 1;
                return new Mine({x: i, y: j}, false, -1, false);
            } else {
                return new Mine({x: i, y: j}, false, 0, false);
            }
        });
    });
    while (totalMines < estimatedMines) {
        const randX = Math.floor(Math.random() * rows);
        const randY = Math.floor(Math.random() * columns);
        if (!isMine(state[randX][randY])) {
            ++totalMines;
            state[randX][randY].bombs = -1;
        }
    }
    if (totalMines > estimatedMines) {
        const mines = state.map(row => row.filter(mine => !isMine(mine)))
            .reduce((prev, current) => prev.concat(current));

        while (totalMines > estimatedMines) {
            const randMineIndex = Math.floor(Math.random() * mines.length);
            mines[randMineIndex].bombs = 0;
            --totalMines;
        }
    }
    fillBombsCount(state);

    return new Game(state, totalMines);
}

function traverseNeighbours(fields: Array<Array<Mine>>, startMine: Mine, onField: (field: Mine) => Mine) {
    let inBounds = (point: Point) => point.x >= 0 && point.x < fields.length &&
        point.y >= 0 && point.y < fields[0].length;
    const start = startMine.position;
    dx.map((x, i) => ({dx: x, dy: dy[i]}))
        .map(deltas => ({x: start.x + deltas.dx, y: start.y + deltas.dy}))
        .filter((point: Point) => inBounds(point))
        .map((point: Point) => onField(fields[point.x][point.y]));
    /*for (let i = 0; i < dx.length; ++i) {
        let ii = start.x + dx[i];
        let jj = start.y + dy[i];
        if (ii >= 0 && ii < fields.length && jj >= 0 && jj < fields[0].length) {
            onField(fields[ii][jj]);
        }
    }*/
}

Updating game state

The function update is a generic function for updating the game state without modifying it. It iterates all of the game state mines and applies a function f that should apply the actual transformation for a mine. This function is used in all functions that need to update the game state in any way.

function update(game: Game, f: ((b: Mine) => Mine), exploded = false): Game {
    const updated = game.state.slice().map(row => {
        return row.slice().map(field => {
            return f(field);
        });
    });
    return new Game(updated, game.totalBombs, game.exploded || exploded);
}

Mark mine field

The function markMine is used for two user actions. The first action is when user wants to mark a mine field as a potential bomb. We do that, only when the current state of the field is not opened by updating the game state where we set that field as flagged and not opened. The second possible action for a user is to explore already opened field that has a count of bombs.

function markMine(game: Game, opened: Mine): Game {
    if (opened.isOpened && !opened.isFlagged) return exploreOpenedField(game, opened);
    return update(game, (field: Mine) => {
        if (field == opened) {
            return new Mine(field.position, false, field.bombs, !field.isFlagged);
        } else {
            return new Mine(field.position, field.isOpened, field.bombs, field.isFlagged);
        }
    });
}

Exploring opened field

To explore open field is a potentially game ending action that needs to explore all neighbour fields of that field. The opened field that a user explores must have all its neighbour bombs flagged right. If a neighbour field that is a bomb is not flagged, the game ends.

function exploreOpenedField(game: Game, opened: Mine): Game {
    const updated = update(game, (field: Mine) => field);
    let hitMine = false;
    traverseNeighbours(updated.state, opened, field => {
        if (!field.isOpened && !field.isFlagged) {
            if (isMine(field)) {
                hitMine = true;
            } else {
                field.isOpened = true;
                if (field.bombs == 0) {
                    updateZeros(updated.state, field);
                }
            }
        }
        return field;
    });
    if (hitMine) {
        return endGame(game);
    }
    return updated;
}

To implement this function we use the generic traverseNeighbours and for each neighbour field that is not opened and not flagged:

if it』s a mine we should end the game
if it』s not we should set as opened and if we open a zero-bomb field we should open all other connected zero-bomb fields.

Open mine

function endGame(game: Game): Game {
    return update(game, (field) => {
        if (isMine(field)) {
            return new Mine(field.position, true, field.bombs, field.isFlagged);
        } else {
            return new Mine(field.position, field.isOpened, field.bombs, field.isFlagged);
        }
    }, true);
}

function openMine(game: Game, field: Mine): Game {
    if (field.isFlagged) return game;
    else if (isMine(field)) {
        return endGame(game);
    } else {
        const openField = (openedField: Mine) => (field: Mine) => {
            if (field === openedField) {
                return new Mine(field.position, true, field.bombs, false);
            } else {
                return new Mine(field.position, field.isOpened, field.bombs, field.isFlagged);
            }
        };
        let result = update(game, openField(field));
        if (field.bombs == 0) {
            updateZeros(result.state, field);
        }
        return result;
    }
}

Traversing connected zero-bomb fields

The function updateZeros traverses using a recursive DFS (Depth-First Search) algorithm all connected zero-bomb fields.

function updateZeros(fields: Array<Array<Mine>>, start: Mine) {
    traverseNeighbours(fields, start, (field => {
        if (!field.isOpened && !isMine(field)) {
            field.isOpened = true;
            if (field.bombs == 0) {
                updateZeros(fields, field);
            }
        }
        return field;
    }));
}

Check if game is completed

On each state modifying action we need to check if the state of game has reached an end state. For the game Minesweeper that state is when all the fields are explored correctly. That means that a mine field that contains a bomb is flagged and otherwise it』s opened.

function checkCompleted(game: Game): boolean {
    const and = (a: boolean, b: boolean) => a && b;
    return game.state.map(row => {
        return row.map(field => {
            return isMineCovered(field);
        }).reduce(and);
    }).reduce(and);
}
function isMineCovered(field: Mine) {
    if (isMine(field)) {
        return field.isFlagged;
    } else {
        return field.isOpened;
    }
}

The function checkCompleted checks for the end state by iterating all fields and mapping them in to a boolean value. The true value means field is explored correctly and false means not explored correctly. Combining all these values using logical AND would yield final true only if all fields are explored correctly, which would mean the end state is reached.

Count flagged fields

The function countFlagged is used to count all the flagged fields in the game state to show the current progress of flagged/total bombs.

function countFlagged(game: Game): number {
    const plus = (a: number, b: number) => a + b;
    return game.state.map(row => {
        return row.map(field => {
            return field.isFlagged ? 1 : 0;
        }).reduce(plus, 0);
    }).reduce(plus, 0);
}

Putting all together in App component

Once we have implemented all the game state modifications and checks we can put it all together. The actual game state is initialized and modified in the component App.

class App extends React.Component<AppProps> {
    controlDown = false;
    startTime: Date;
    state = {
        rows: this.props.rows,
        columns: this.props.columns,
        game: game.newGame(this.props.rows, this.props.columns),
        completed: false,
        flagged: 0,
        elapsedSeconds: 0
    };

    isControlKey(code: string) {
        return code === "ControlLeft" || code === "ControlRight";
    }

    timer: any;

    componentDidMount() {
        document.onkeydown = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
            if (this.isControlKey(e.code)) {
                this.controlDown = true;
            }
        };
        document.onkeyup = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
            if (this.isControlKey(e.code)) {
                this.controlDown = false;
            }
        };
        this.startTimer();
    }

    startTimer() {
        this.startTime = new Date();
        this.timer = setInterval(() => {
            const now = new Date();
            const elapsedMs = now.getTime() - this.startTime.getTime();
            this.setState({
                elapsedSeconds: Math.floor(elapsedMs / 1000)
            });
        }, 1000);
    }

    updateState(field: Mine, updateFn: (game: Game, field: Mine) => Game) {
        this.setState((prevState: any, props) => {
            const updatedGame = updateFn(prevState.game, field);
            const completed = game.checkCompleted(updatedGame);
            if (completed || updatedGame.exploded) {
                clearInterval(this.timer);
            }
            return {
                game: updatedGame,
                completed: completed,
                flagged: game.countFlagged(updatedGame)
            };
        });
    }

    public onSquareLeftClick(field: Mine) {
        if (this.controlDown) {
            this.updateState(field, game.openMine);
        } else {
            this.updateState(field, game.markMine);
        }
    }

    startGame(rows: number, columns: number) {
        clearInterval(this.timer);
        this.startTimer();
        this.setState({
            rows: rows,
            columns: columns,
            game: game.newGame(rows, columns),
            completed: false,
            flagged: 0,
            elapsedSeconds: 0
        });
    }

    public render() {
        return (
            <div className="game">
                <div className="menu">
                    <ul className="level-menu">
                        <li onClick={(e) => this.startGame(6, 8)}>Easy</li>
                        <li onClick={(e) => this.startGame(10, 14)}>Medium</li>
                        <li onClick={(e) => this.startGame(20, 30)}>Hard</li>
                    </ul>
                </div>
                <MineField
                    game={this.state.game}
                    onLeftClick={(field: Mine) => this.onSquareLeftClick(field)}/>
                <Timer elapsedSeconds={this.state.elapsedSeconds}/>
                <div className='status'>Completed: {this.state.completed ? 'YES' : 'NO'}</div>
                <div className='status'>{this.state.flagged}/{this.state.game.totalBombs}</div>
                <div className='help'>
                    <h3>How to play</h3>
                    <ol>
                        <li>Left Click to mark possible mine or to explore fields around opened field</li>
                        <li>Ctrl + Left Click to open field</li>
                    </ol>
                </div>
            </div>
        );
    }
}

export interface AppProps {
    rows: number;
    columns: number;
}

The final piece of the puzzle, the App component is the only stateful component that keeps and modifies the game state. The state of the component contains:

the number of rows and columns of the Minesweeper grid
the game state
the elapsed seconds since the game started
the number of flagged fields (computed from the game state)
and a boolean flag indicated if the game is completed (also computed from the game state).

The state is initialized at the beginning of the component on a new game state. We use the React lifecycle method componentDidMount to bind two keyboard events onkeydown and onkeyup to track the state of ctrl key. We also start a timer using JavaScript setTimeout function that we use to modify the elapsed seconds state.

The function updateState is used to update the state of the React component using this.setState. This is a HOF (higher-order function) that accepts the actual game state modification function as updateFn as argument. Once the game state is modified, the final state of the component is updated and the UI should be rendered. This function is called on the user generated event onSquareLeftClick. When the ctrl button is down a mine is opened and otherwise mine is marked (or explored).

The actual rendering of the UI is pretty simple. We render a simple menu of three links that allow to start new game with the chosen difficulty. Then we render the MineField component with the current game state and the Timercomponent showing the elapsed seconds. Finally, we render a information on the current status of the game, such as is it completed and number of flagged fields vs total bombs.

Conclusion

Implementing any simple game is an interesting programming challenge. Many times a challenging part is to implement the game state and functions (algorithms) that mutate the state. Favouring functional programming I tried to implement most of these functions as mostly pure functions by using functional constructs such as map and reduce. Also, three out of four React components are functional (stateless or pure functions).

Hopefully sharing my solution and explaining it in this post was interesting and learning experience. If you feel inspired to start learning these technologies by implementing your own Minesweeper or other game, that would be great. And finally, it would be perfect if you also share your code and experience.

2018年9月27日：開源日報第203期